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Feeding seaweed to cows: CSIRO livestock methane research lights up

Darius Koreis, CSIRO, 12/04/2019

Feeding cattle seaweed is one of a number of promising lines of CSIRO research that has the potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions from Australia’s $17 billion livestock sector, as the CSIRO’s Darius Koreis explains.

 

Australia is a major producer of livestock, and livestock in Australia are responsible for around 10 per cent of the country’s overall emissions. Livestock also contribute to 60% of all emissions from the agricultural sector. As a greenhouse gas, methane is 28 times more potent than carbon dioxide (CO2) over a 100 year timeframes.

To combat this issue, we’re working on multiple approaches that could provide significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions for the agricultural sector, both in intensive and pasture-based systems.

Methane-busting seaweed

Raw dried Asparagopsis seaweed before it is refined into a feed supplement.

One potential solution is feeding livestock seaweed.

Scientists have found that the common Australian red seaweed (Asparagopsis taxiformis and A. armata) virtually eliminates methane emissions in cattle and sheep, when it’s fed as a dietary additive in low doses.

How does seaweed reduce methane? The metabolites in the seaweed disrupt the enzymes that are responsible for the cattle and sheep producing methane in the rumen (stomach).

And how much seaweed is enough? Studies in cattle and sheep have shown that these results are possible when seaweed is included at 1% or less of the dry diet.

The discovery was made in collaboration with Meat and Livestock Australia and James Cook University, with on-going research currently underway to understand the optimal feed mixes.

The methane-busting seaweed feed could be commercialised within one-to-two years. However, wider adoption (across Australia and overseas) is dependent on establishing a new industry to farm Australian red seaweed at an industrial scale. The possibility of open line seaweed farming is being explored in Southeast Asia and elsewhere.

The seaweed option is very promising for cattle in feedlots (around 1 million cattle in Australia) and dairy cows (around 1.6 million in Australia).

However, applying the feed supplement to cattle grazing on open pasture is logistically challenging, as cattle graze over vast areas but they have to be fed seaweed every day. There is a need to do more research into technologies that can deliver the seaweed and other methane-reducing feeds to grazed livestock systems, to create a solution for all livestock producers.

Beyond seaweed: less burps with legumes

To work around the logistical problems of feeding seaweed supplements, we have been studying whether the amount of methane produced by cattle decreases when they’re fed two tropical legume species: Leucaena and Desmanthus. Both plants not only reduce methane but also boost animal growth.

Compounds in these plants act on the microbes in the rumen in a similar way to the Asparagopsis seaweed. However, the effect is smaller, at around a 20 per cent reduction in methane emissions.

While the effect is smaller, it shouldn’t be discounted—these legumes could be planted into grazing systems now, so that they’re available to livestock in the near-term. They could feed many more of the 24 million beef cattle in Australia. A 20 per cent reduction in emissions from these plants could equate to a saving of anywhere between half a million and a million tonnes of greenhouse gases per year. That’s like taking up to 200,000 cars off the road each year.

Another avenue we’re exploring is whether we can influence the microbiome (that is, the gut bacteria) of pasture-fed cattle from a young age. We hope that this will also reduce methane emissions. This research is  still in its early phase, but the idea is to give cattle compounds from a young age to realign the rumen microbiome to produce less methane. The theory is that, once the microbiome is altered, the change to low methane digestion will persist, hopefully for the lifetime of the animal.

The research projects are all based at our Lansdown Research Station, south of Townsville.

This article originally appeared on the CSIRO website – to view original article click here

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Comments

  1. Joanne Rea, 15/04/2019

    Great comment Deborah Newell. I too took exception to the same unreferenced comment in the Green paper along with a couple of others.

  2. Paul D. Butler, 12/04/2019

    Cows are not fish………no matter what the “smarties” want to make you believe.

  3. deborah newell, 12/04/2019

    The total ruminant biomass has hardly changed over tens of thousands of years. This means that ruminant methane production hasn’t changed over this period. During this time some ruminant species have disappeared or been reduced to ‘threatened’ level while others have been deliberately promoted to supply, extremely efficiently, multiple products for anthropogenic use – only one of which is the meat that our human physiology requires. Basically nothing is wasted from bovines, ovines and the several deer, goat and camel species that are domesticated and deliberately farmed. Over the same geological time span we have drained many methane emitting swamps and added many methane emitting refuse/green fill sites but nothing has contributed as much to the atmospheric methane levels than the millions of hectares of rice production with all those paddy fields (aka swamps or bogs) now being fertilised with nitrogen fertilisers that inhibit the methanotrophic activity that removes methane. This is now being researched by scientific groups from China to The Netherlands with silence from the scientific bodies that Australian beef, sheep and goat producers fund. Additionally the evidence is that synthetic fertilisers, now essential for global crop cultivation because their soils’ fertility has been exhausted, is also debilitating the activity of methanotrophes across some 70% of global agricultural lands. So why are publications like the red meat MOU that you producers and processors are funding coming out with lead statements such as ” Moreover, the production of red meat is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions”. I’ve looked up multiple rice producer organisations and there is no fessing up to methane emissions So are your peak industry bodies that are run by execs straight out of Johnson & Johnson or Mars Confectionery just following of the common vegan cant that it is all the fault of cattle and sheep farming without supporting the product they are paid to promote and support? Why is this so? Because it just spreads the lie.

  4. Paul Franks, 12/04/2019

    If they reduce bovine methane emissions, does this mean they may become a carbon sink?

    Cows are made of carbon they get from eating grass that gets it from carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Simplistic I know, but no more simplistic then saying eat less meat to save the planet.

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